In this episode, we look at the aftermath of the English Civil War in the British Isles. Fear of a royalist insurgency in England and support for Charles Stuart in Scotland and Ireland led to a renewal of war and the rise of Oliver Cromwell as the official head of the New Model Army. We examine the various forms of English spoken in Scotland and Wales, including an obscure English dialect spoken in Ireland in the early modern period. And we also explore the Irish military campaign of 1649-52, the redistribution of land that followed, and the linguistic consequences of those developments for Ireland and the rest of the English-speaking world.

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