In the early 1600s, cotton fabrics made in India were in high demand throughout Asia and Africa. When the English and Dutch arrived in India and Japan, they realized how popular the fabric was, and they soon began to ship it back to northern Europe. In this episode, we explore how the ‘cotton craze’ of the 1600s shaped the modern world, and shaped the English language. We also examine the end of the Shakespearean period and the second English dictionary.
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I have not researched the word, but I strongly suspect “talent” gained the modern sense of ability or gift from the Parable of the Talents (Matthew 25). The parable almost demands expanding the meaning from a sum of money to the use of one’s abilities and gifts. I would bet preachers knowing only the original meaning of “talent,” when coming to this passage in the King James Bible, would do the same. It’s a very small step then to use talent in a non-religious context.
While this is a modern translation from Greek, here is an ancient commentary found in an Orthodox Christian hymn, that shows this irresistible impulse to widen the application of talent:
Come, O faithful,
let us work zealously for the Master,
for He distributes wealth to his servants!
Let each of us, according to his ability,
increase his talent of grace:
let one be adorned in wisdom through good works;
let another celebrate a service in splendor!
The one distributes his wealth to the poor;
the other communicates the Word to those untaught.
Thus we shall increase what has been entrusted to us,
and, as faithful stewards of grace,
we shall be accounted worthy of the Master’s joy.
Make us worthy of this, O Christ our God, //
in your love for mankind!
Thanks for the idea. I haven’t researched that connection, but it is an intriguing suggestion.
Thank you for mentioning this. That parable is exactly what came to mind when Kevin was talking about talent in this episode.
I immediately thought of the parable too. Here is what the etymonline has to say about the word “talent” (in part):
“The meaning “gift committed to one for use and improvement” developed by mid-15c., probably mostly from the parable of the talents in Matthew xxv.14-30. The notion is of something God has granted to one and for which one will render account at the Last Judgment. It may be also in part from or encouraged by the figurative sense of “wealth, treasures, riches.””
Thanks for the episode! I was wondering about the use of “cotton” as a verb … which I don’t think you mention. I’m especially thinking of “cotton to”, whose origin seems murky. The OED’s first example of “cotton to” dates to 1805. The “World Wide Words” website has this theory: “In the early 1800s, to cotton to somebody implied that you were drawn or attached to that person. It may be that the idea here is how well a thread of cotton sticks to the surface of cloth.”
I don’t think there is a clear connection between the verb “to cotton to” and the cotton plant. The OED acknowledges that the connection is uncertain, and some sources suggest that the verb is completely unrelated to the cotton plant and actually comes from a separate Welsh word. The uncertainty surrounding that verb form is why I didn’t include it in the episode.
I’m interested in Thomas Middleton. Tempest is unproven. Timon of Athens, about 37% (Emma Smith). Macbeth, about 11% (two songs and some witches-related text). Measure for Measure, some of the “racier” stuff. All’s Well that End’s Well? Middleton’s step-father was on two voyages to Roanoke, between the 1st and 2nd voyages the folks left behind between the voyages were lost. Middleton did quite a few pageants and things, wrote song, and went to St. Paul’s and worked with the choirboys there. That seems relevant to parts of the Tempest.
Another very informative episode, thank you. On the common glottal stop in ‘cotton’, it’s interesting that the medial t in the original word for butter (Latin butyrum from Gk. bouturon, ‘cow cheese’) has also disappeared from the descendent words burro (Italian) and beurre (French).
Another amazing episode! Thanks, Kevin!!
Very excited to finally be transitioning to the growth and globalization phase of English. Until this point in time (early 1600s), there were very few speakers of English in the world ( 1 billion today).
BTW, not that it matters much but Surat is pronounced “soo rut”.
Finally, listeners of this top notch podcast interested in learning more about the history of cotton should check out: Empire of Cotton, A Global History by Sven Beckert.
This should have said:
Until this point in time (early 1600s), there were very few speakers of English in the world (~7 million compared to ~2 billion today).
Can I access a transcript of this podcast please, Kevin? Maybe a big ask and I may need to be patient.
Ask and ye shall receive! It should be there now.
I’m a newcomer to your excellent podcast and have just listened to Episode 183. Your discussion about fustian reminded me of Geoffrey Chaucer’s description of the knight in the general prologue to The Canterbury Tales, beginning at line 73:
“But for to tellen you of his array,
His hors were goode but he was nat gay;
Of fustian he werede a gipoun
Al bismotered with his habergeoun.”
A couple of points: Writing before the 14th century, Chaucer apparently expected readers to recognise fustian as a fabric used for clothing. And if I remember correctly, the late Terry Jones referred to those lines to support his proposition that Chaucer’s description of the “verray parfait gentil knyght” was tongue-in-cheek, since (Jones argued) the fellow was a seasoned mercenary, somewhat tawdry in appearance, going about in a tunic of rough fabric that had been stained by his chain mail. But then comes Chaucer’s remark that the knight “was late ycome from is viage And went for to doon his pilgrimage”, perhaps suggesting that he prioritised an important act of faith rather than take time to change or at least clean up his kit before starting the journey. As is so often the case with the genius Geoffrey Chaucer, you could argue plausibly for either interpretation.
Thank you for providing great listening.
Amazing eposide as always. Could you please give the references for this episode particularly?
Glad you enjoyed the episode. Source citations are included in the transcript of each episode.
As this was the last of the Shakespeare episodes, I just want to say thank you for this superb series of episodes. I learned an incredible amount. I took a Shakespeare course my junior year of college (about 1977) and have since then had on my to-do list, reading the plays–I still have my college Shakespeare book, with the indelible image of (probably) Shakespeare on the cover, in a box with other old books.
The only thing from this series that was not included but which I would have enjoyed would have been a bit of discussion of Macbeth. Now I have another reason to find that old Shakespeare book and read it on my own!
Kevin, I am so grateful for your efforts on producing this wonderful podcast.
Thanks for the feedback. With respect to Macbeth, I originally intended a more detailed discussion of that play, but it seemed that many listeners were getting tired of Shakespeare, so I opted for a brief review instead.